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从光与原子理解量子世界

量子科学导论 · 16讲目录与前两讲讲义

如何使用这份讲义

这门课以光和原子的实验为入口，介绍描述、操控和利用量子系统的共同语言。它面向应用物理专业大三学生，与量子力学课程同步展开，共16次课，每次两个45分钟课时。

讲义从具体问题引入新概念。读者可以先看现象、人物和实验，再跟着公式完成一个小计算。第一讲所用的概率幅、相位、量子态记号、测量基和模运算，都在使用时解释；你不需要预先学完量子力学。

从这里开始

第一讲：从量子力学到量子信息科学已经写成完整阅读章。按课堂的四段主线展开：整数分解提出任务，量子力学建立状态、演化、叠加与纠缠的语言，量子信息讨论多比特联合态与Shor算法，光与控制连接后续课程。

第一次阅读可以沿正文走完这条故事线。遇到“可展开”的推导框，按自己的兴趣停下来细算；第二次阅读再补齐这些推导，并尝试章末的6道核心自查和9道计算选做题。每题都有可展开的解答。整章包含课堂讲述、课后阅读和教师备课所需的材料，阅读量超过90分钟课堂能逐段讲完的内容。

单电子干涉样节已融入第一讲，可在量子力学部分连续阅读。左侧另保留独立样节，便于单独讨论其写法。

第二讲：一个量子比特以光子偏振贯穿制备、读出、状态更新与相位，再介绍自旋、原子和超导实现。各小节明确核心知识点，配有示意图、可调交互及6道练习与答案。

其他内容

• 全课程讲义目录：16讲的拟定章节、工具与核心计算。第3至16讲目前为目录设计。
• 补充讲义A：单光子干涉的完整计算：用Mach–Zehnder装置继续练习概率幅，适合第2讲后选读。
• 补充讲义B：光子能量与通量估算：把平均功率、光子通量与探测计数联系起来。
• 插图来源：实验照片、人物照片与模型图的出处。
• 参考文献：原论文、教材及进一步学习的入口。

课程光场部分主要参考Fox的量子光学教材 [7]。 当前讲义将所用模型、符号和计算步骤写在本地；延伸阅读用于继续探索感兴趣的问题。

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[22] OpenStax. University Physics Volume 3: Blackbody Radiation. https://openstax.org/books/university-physics-volume-3/pages/6-1-blackbody-radiation (accessed 2026-09-12).

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[24] P. W. Shor. Polynomial-Time Algorithms for Prime Factorization and Discrete Logarithms on a Quantum Computer. SIAM Journal on Computing, 26, 1484～1509, 1997. https://doi.org/10.1137/S0097539795293172.

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