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这份材料配合第8讲阅读,用同一束近似单色光连接能量、平均功率、光子通量与探测计数。它不属于绪论的课堂必讲内容。
B.1 例一:一个可见光光子带多少能量?
设真空中的波长为 \(\lambda=600\,\mathrm{nm}\)。利用光的频率关系 \(\nu=c/\lambda\) 和光子能量关系,有
\[
E=h\nu=\frac{hc}{\lambda}.
\]
取 \(h\approx6.626\times10^{-34}\,\mathrm{J\,s}\)、\(c\approx2.998\times10^8\,\mathrm{m/s}\),代入得到
\[
E\approx
\frac{(6.626\times10^{-34})(2.998\times10^8)}
{600\times10^{-9}}\,\mathrm{J}
\approx3.31\times10^{-19}\,\mathrm{J}.
\]
因为 \(1\,\mathrm{eV}\approx1.602\times10^{-19}\,\mathrm{J}\),所以
\[
E\approx2.07\,\mathrm{eV}.
\]
这与许多原子、分子的电子跃迁及固体电子过程的能量尺度有联系。不过,“能量尺度接近”不保证一定发生某个跃迁;是否能够有效耦合,还涉及能量匹配、选择规则和相互作用强度。
检查。 量纲为能量;波长越短,光子能量越大。把波长加倍,能量应减半。两个检查都不依赖复杂计算。
B.2 例二:一毫瓦的光,每秒对应多少光子?
若这束光的平均功率为 \(P=1.0\,\mathrm{mW}\),平均光子通量为
\[
\Phi=\frac{P}{E}
\approx\frac{1.0\times10^{-3}\,\mathrm{J/s}}
{3.31\times10^{-19}\,\mathrm{J}}
\approx3.02\times10^{15}\,\mathrm{s^{-1}}.
\]
即使功率只有一毫瓦,每秒通过给定截面的平均光子数也已经非常大。在一毫秒内,相应平均数约为 \(3.02\times10^{12}\)。这有助于理解,为什么日常探测往往首先呈现平滑的平均强度,而实验上分辨单个量子事件需要合适的光源、衰减、时间尺度和探测器。
这里计算的是通过截面的通量,不是空间中“总共有多少光子”,也不是探测器必然记录的计数率。若探测效率为 \(\eta\),且忽略损耗、暗计数和死时间等其他因素,平均计数率才可写成 \(\eta\Phi\)。
平均光子数很大,有助于理解许多测量为何表现出连续的平均信号;它并不是光场可以按经典理论处理的充分判据。同样,平均光很弱,也不自动意味着制备了单光子态。平均强度不能确定全部光子统计,更不能单独判定非经典性。第8、9讲将回到这个问题。
B.3 自查
- 波长从600纳米变成1200纳米,光子能量与同功率下的平均光子通量怎样变化?
- 波长600纳米、平均功率1.0皮瓦的光,在1.0毫秒内通过截面的平均光子数是多少?能否据此认定它是单光子态?
第一题:光子能量减半,约为1.03电子伏;同功率下的平均通量加倍。
第二题:用平均功率乘以时间,再除以单光子能量,得到约3020。平均数不能确定光子数分布,也不能单独判定单光子态。
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